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4D Ultrasound & Color Doppler


Four-dimensional (4-D) ultrasound is 3-D ultrasound in motion.
Color Doppler ultrasound is a special ultrasound technique that
evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel, including the body's
major arteries and veins in the abdomen, arms, legs and neck.




Ultrasound is a high-frequency sound that you cannot hear but it can be emitted and detected by special machines.

It travels freely through fluid and soft tissues and is a safe and painless scan.

Our procedures at ShreeUsha Diagnostics conform to world-class standards and PNDT guidelines.

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Understanding the Ultrasound:

An Ultrasound (solography) is a Test procedure in which high-frequency sound waves (sonar and radio technology) are used to create ‘pictures’ of the inside of the body. Apart from being safe, an Ultrasound is also a painless and generally affordable process – making it popular with both patients and the medical fraternity. Ultrasound images are engineered in ‘real-time’, and let us see both the structure of our internal organs as well as the function (that is, the movement) of our blood vessels. While it has various kinds of medical uses and health applications, an Ultrasound is perhaps the most popular and preferred Test used to monitor the development of the fetus in pregnant women.





What is the Procedure of an Ultrasound?




An Ultrasound Test is carried out by a doctor or a Radiologist who has been specially trained for the purpose. An Ultrasound Test usually takes between 15 minutes to an hour, and normally doesn’t require any special preparation. For an Ultrasound a bladder that is full of water is able to generate better pictures or images of the uterus and other organs (since air is a bad conductor of ultrasound and makes the scan a failure). In the case of an External Ultrasound, the Transducer is placed over the part of the body (for example, the heart or the abdomen) that needs to be studied and has been administered a lubricating gel before-hand for this purpose. This process is usually free of any kind of pain or discomfort. In the case of an Internal Ultrasound where the ovaries or urinary organs need to be studied in greater detail, the Transducer is inserted into the rectum (in the case of males) or the vagina (in the case of females). These studies can be routinely performed in approved outpatient clinics.

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Understanding the Science Behind Ultrasound Tests:

The term ‘Ultrasound’ literally means sounds belonging to a ‘frequency’ that humans are not able to ‘detect’ or hear. For most diagnostic applications, this frequency range lies between 2 and 18 megahertz (MHz). Higher frequencies can generate better Ultrasound image quality but are susceptible to getting absorbed (and therefore, ‘diminished in power’) by the skin and other soft tissues. Lower frequencies can penetrate deeper past the layers of skin & tissues but produce imagesmof a relatively lower resolution and quality. During the process, the Radiologist will hold a wand-like device called the Transducer in his or her hand. The transducer is placed on the patient’s body externally. In some cases, insertion may be done via the rectum (for males) and vagina (for females) and the Transducer in such situations is ‘placed internally’. Be it external or internal, sound waves are emitted by the machine which travels through the skin and tissue till it reaches a surface that is too dense for it to penetrate further. The sound waves are then reflected back (similar to the act of light reflecting off a mirror or, say, an echo of our own voice) – resulting in an image. This image or picture is also sometimes referred to as a Sonogram. Different shades of grey indicate different densities of the reflecting surface inside the body, which can be an organ or an internal structure. Despite being different technically, the terms Ultrasound and sonogram are sometimes used interchangeably.



ULTRASOUND PREPARATION:

WHOLE ABDOMEN OVERNIGHT FASTING / 4-5 HOURS FASTING, FULL BLADDER
UPPER ABDOMEN OVERNIGHT FASTING / 4-5 HOURS FASTING
LOWER ABDOMEN / PELVIS FULL BLADDER, NO FASTING REQUIRED FOR MARRIED PATIENT ADVISE TVS
TVS NO PREPARATION REQUIRED,EMPTY BLADDER
USG EARLY PREGANCY / BLEEDING PV ADVISE TVS
USG NT/NB / LEVEL II/ COLOR DOPPLER PREGNANCY NO PREPARATION
USG KUB FULL BLADDER, NO FASTING REQUIRED
USG FOR STONES
FOR GALL BLADDER STONES 4-6 HOUR FASTING
FOR KIDNEY STONES FULL BLADDER
RENAL DOPPLER 4 HOURS FASTING preferred
ABDOMEN DOPPLER 4-5 HOURS FASTING
LOWER LIMB DOPPLER / UPPER LIMB DOPPLER NO PREPARATION
USG SOFT TISSUE / SOFT TISSUE DOPPLER NO PREPARATION
USG SCROTUM NO PREPARATION
USG BREAST NO PREPARATION
USG CHEST NO PREPARATION

USES OF USG:

WHOLE ABDOMEN To see for- Liver, kidney, gall bladder, Pancreas, Intestines, infection, stones
MALE FEMALE
prostate Uterus/ ovaries, cysts /mass, fibroids
UPPER ABDOMEN To see for – Liver, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, Stones
LOWER ABDOMEN / PELVIS/TVS Usually done in females
Bladder Uterus Ovaries
Urine infections, UTI (urinary tractinfection) fibroid, mass, Endometrium. Retained products of conception Cysts, Mass, PCOD (polycysticovaries)
PVR Post void residual urine
KUB To see for - kidneys ureter, bladder
MALE FEMALE
STONES, Prostate, infection, UTI Stones, Mass, infection UTI, Kidneys
Early Pregnancy / TVS for pregnancy To see site of pregnancy – Uterus, Tubes , Ectopic pregnancy , Gestational sac , Heart beat , Development of fetus , Calculate weeks of pregnancy , Associated fibroid / cyst/ Infection
NT/NB SCAN (LEVEL I) <11-14 week> can be done till 16 weeks> Level I scan, NT scan, Genetic sonogram, Early anomaly scan Nuchal Translucency / Nasal Bone To see for:
Diagnosis of Down’s syndrome, Genetic defect, Brain development
Our SPECIALITY:
I.T., FM ANGLE, BLOOD FLOW TO BABY, EARLY ANOMALY DETECTION, 4D/5D BABY
LEVEL II SCAN <17-24 WEEK>can be done till 28 weeks TIFFA scan, Anomaly scan, 18-22-week scan, Genetic scan, congenital scan To see for: , Detailed Scan of foetus , Baby face, heart organs, hands, feet Our SPECIALITY: , BLOOD FLOW TO FETUS , IMMERSIVE 4D/ 5D IMAGES
FETAL ECHO <20-28 WEEKS> To see for: , Fetal Heart , Any congenital Heart defect
BPP / BPS Biophysical Profile, Biophysical Score, Manning’s Score To see for: , Blood flow to baby , All blood vessels from mother to baby , Growth , Movement. , Fluid level. , Cord around neck. , Placental position. Our SPECIALITY: , 4D/5D Baby – highest resolution available
COLOR DOPPLER Blood flow through blood vessels
Color Doppler carotid (neck) To see for: , Blood flow through neck vessels carotid arteries , Carotid arteries are the main source of blood flow to the Brain
Abdomen Doppler To see for: , Blood supply to liver – cirrhosis, Liver failure, chronic alcoholic , Blood supply to intestines
Renal Doppler To see for: , Blood supply to kidney , Chronic kidney disease , Hypertension in young , Sometimes pregnancy induced hypertension
Lower limb Doppler Arterial To see for: , Blood supply heart to foot , Blockage , Narrowing of arteries , Reduced blood flow
Lower limb Doppler venous To see for: , Blood supply foot to heart , Blockage , Varicose veins
Pelvic Doppler / 3D pelvis Doppler To see for: , Blood supply to uterus / ovaries , Cysts categorisation
Scrotum Doppler To see for: , Infertility , Torsion (twisted testis) , Blood supply to scrotum , Infection / mass
3D TVS/ 4D TVS/ 5D TVS Better Resolution / Clarity Better Diagnosis

At most places TVS / LA is done by 2D Probe due to which uterine anomalies are easily missed but here it is picked.
Why 4D / 5D Scan , Transducer Capacity (1-13 MHz) , Higher the Frequency range better the resolution , 1 – 3 MHz Deep Penetration , Higher the Frequency Superficial will be Penetration , Generally, in market (2 – 8 MHz) Transducer , 3D / 4D / 5D TVS Transducer




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